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ATHFINDER NTERNATIONAL Monitoring and Evaluation Ð 2 INTERVIEWS: A Guide for Designing and Conducting In-Depth Interviews for Evaluation Input Carolyn Boyce, MA, Evaluation Associate Palena Neale, PhD, Senior Evaluation Associate May 2006 ATHFINDER NTERNATIONAL Monitoring and Evaluation Ð 2 INTERVIEWS: A Guide for Designing and Conducting In-Depth Interviews for Evaluation Input Carolyn Boyce, MA, Evaluation Associate Palena Neale, PhD, Senior Evaluation Associate May 2006 Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank the following Pathfinder employees and partners for their technical inputs into this document: Anne Palmer (Futures Group International), Ugo Daniels (African Youth Alliance (AYA)), Veronique Dupont (Pathfinder/Extending Service Delivery (ESD)), Cathy Solter, Lauren Dunnington, and Shannon Pryor (Pathfinder What is an In-Depth Interview? In-depth interviewing is a qualitative research technique that involves conducting intensive individual interviews with a small number of respondents to explore their perspectives on a particular idea, program, or situation. For example, we might ask participants, staff, and others associated with a program about their experiences and expectations related to the program, the thoughts they have concerning program operations, processes, and outcomes, and about any changes they perceive in themselves as a result of their involvement in the program. When are In-Depth Interviews Appropriate? your data collection effort, care must be taken to include time for transcription and 2.Develop Instruments ¥ Develop an interview protocolÑthe rules that guide the administration and implementation of the interviews. Put simply, these are the instructions that are Interview QuestionTips ¥ Questions should be open-ended rather than closed-ended. For example, instead of asking ÒDo you know about the clinicÕs services?Ó ask ÒPlease describe the clinicÕs services.Ó ¥ You should ask factual question before opinion questions. For example, ask, ÒWhat activities were conducted?Ó before asking, ÒWhat did you think of the activities?Ó ¥ Use probes as needed. These include: Would you give me an example? Can you elaborate on that idea? Would you explain that further? IÕm not sure I understand what youÕre saying. Is there anything else? ATHFINDER NTERNATIONAL NTERVIEWS 3.Train Data Collectors ¥ Identify and train interviewers (see ÒTraining Tips for Data CollectorsÓ ). Where necessary, use interviewers that speak the local language. 4.Collect Data Training Tips for Data Collectors Staff, youth program participants, or professional interviewers may be involved in data collection. Regardless of what experience data collectors have, training should include: ¥ An introduction to the evaluation objectives, ¥ A review of data collection techniques, ¥ A thorough review of the data collction items and instruments, ¥ Practice in the use of the instruments, ¥ Skill-building exercises on interviewing and interpersonal communication, and ATHFINDER NTERNATIONAL NTERVIEWS 5.Analyze Data ¥ Transcribe and/or review data. ¥ Analyze all interview data (see ÒTips on Analyzing Interview ResponsesÓ 6.Disseminate Findings ¥ Write report (see ÒHow are In-Depth Interviews Presented?Ó). ¥ Solicit feedback from interviewees and program stakeholders. ¥ Revise. ¥ Disseminate to interviewees, program stakeholders, funders, and the community as appropriate. What are Potential Sources of Information? In-depth interviews typically rely on multiple sources of information to provide as Tips on Analyzing Interview Responses ¥ Read through the interview responses and look for patterns or themes among the partcipants. ATHFINDER NTERNATIONAL NTERVIEWS University of California San FranciscoÕs Center for AIDS Prevention Studies. (1998). How are In-Depth Interviews Presented? In-depth interviews are flexible in that they can be presented in a number of waysÑthere is no specific format to follow. However, like all evaluation results, justification and Providing quotes from respondents throughout the report adds credibility to the information. Do be careful that you donÕt identify the respondent or provide quotes that are easily traced back to an individual, especially if you have promised confidentiality. For example, if you have interviewed only one youth as part of your sample, and in the report you note that, Òone respondent described the program as having no impact on accessibility for youth because the services are Ôway too expensive for someone my age,ÕÓ it would be clear to the reader that the quote was from the youth. Ensure that you have a good sample of interviewees and/or ask permission from the interviewee before including quotes such as these. Data can be displayed in tables, boxes, and figures to make it easier to read. For example, if you have a number of quotes that you want to highlight, you might want to display them in a box like the one below. You could also highlight recommendations made by your key stakeholders in a table such Key Stakeholder Recommendations for Improving ASRH 1.Train more outreach peers so that they can reach more youth outside the clinics. 2.Provide more assistance in implementing action plans for clinic improvements. 3.Community mobilization efforts are neded to enhance future work. Examples of youth friendly staff interactions ÒShe taught me a lot and made funny jokes.Ó Ñ female, age 16 ÒHe said to feel at home with a big smile.Ó Ñ male, age 14 ATHFINDER NTERNATIONAL NTERVIEWS Where Can More Information on In-Depth Interviews be Found? Appendix 1: Sample Key Stakeholder Interview Guide The following is an example of an interview guide that you might use with key staff Introduction Key ¥ Thank you ¥ Your name ¥ Purpose ¥ Duration ¥ How interview will ¥ Opportunity for ¥ Signature of 12P ATHFINDER NTERNATIONAL TAKEHOLDER NTERVIEW Questions ¥ No more than ¥ Ask factual before ¥ Use probes as Closing Key ¥ Additional ¥ Next steps ¥ Thank you 1.What YFS improvement process, other), interventions (preservice training, facility strengthening, training of facility supervisors, training of outreach staff, NTCDs, service providers, community and were used (facility Is there anything more you would like to add? IÕll be analyzing the information you and others gave me and submitting a draft report to the organization in one month. IÕll be happy to send you a copy to review at that time, if you are interested. Thank you for your time. Pathfinder International